Dickinson's Birds

A listening machine

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Library of Sources

Poem Archive Sources

Archival Sources

The Emily Dickinson Archive, an open-access resource containing the largest single source of digital surrogates of the manuscripts of Dickinson’s poems and letters, is the primary source for the manuscript images reproduced in Dickinson's Birds. Grateful acknowledgment is given to the EDA as well as to the many libraries and institutions that contributed images of Dickinson’s manuscripts and/or information about them: The American Antiquarian Society; Amherst College Archives & Special Collections; The Beinecke Library, Yale University Library; The Boston Public Library; Dumbarton Oaks, Harvard University; Forbes Library; The Houghton Library, Harvard University; The Jones Library; The Library of Congress; Middlebury College Library; The Monson Free Public Library; The Morgan Library & Museum; The New York Public Library; Princeton University Library; The Robert P. Esty Library; The Rosenbach Library; Scripps College Library; Smith College Libraries; The State Historical Society of Iowa; Vassar Special Collections.

Scholarly Editions 

R. W. Franklin, ed., The Poems of Emily Dickinson: Variorum Edition. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998. R. W. Franklin, ed., The Manuscript Books of Emily Dickinson. 2 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981. Ellen Louise Hart & Martha Nell Smith, eds., Open Me Carefully: Emily Dickinson's Intimate Letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson. Ashfield, MA: Paris Press, 1998. Thomas H. Johnson & Theodora Ward, eds., The Letters of Emily Dickinson. 3 vols. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1958. Cristanne Miller, ed., Emily Dickinson's Poems as She Preserved Them. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016. Cristanne Miller & Domhnall Mitchell, eds., The Letters of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge, MA, and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2016. Marta Werner, ed. Radical Scatters: An Electronic Archive of Emily Dickinson's Late Fragments and Related Texts, 1870-1886. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska, 2007-present. Marta Werner, Writing in Time: Emily Dickinson's Master Hours. Amherst: Amherst College Press, 2021.  Marta Werner & Jen Bervin, Emily Dickinson: The Gorgeous Nothings. New York: New Directions, 2013.

Bird Archive Sources

Birding Guidebooks (Occurrence, Presence, Historical Fieldnotes)

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  • H. L. Clark, The Birds of Amherst &Vicinity, including nearly the whole of Hampshire County (1887). Originally published in Amherst, Mass., by J. E. Williams and  now also accessible via the HathiTrust.
  • Ebenezer Emmons, Birds of Massachusetts (1833). Originally published in Dr. Edward Hitchcock’s “Report on the Geology, Minerology, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts,” pp. 528-51.
  • J. A. Allen, “Catalogue of the Birds Found at Springfield, Mass., with Notes on their Migrations, Habits, & c., together with a list of those birds found in the State not yet observed at Springfield” (1864). Originally published in the Proceedings of the Essex Institute at Salem, Vol. IV, No. 2, September 1864, and now also accessible via the HathiTrust.
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Bird Data (Nest Materials; Habitat)

Data on habitat and nest materials has been gathered from Audubon's Field Guide to North American Birds and from the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology,  as well as from the key sources of data for this site: e.g. Clark 1887 and 1906 and Bagg & Eliot 1937. Historical Field Notes principally derive from H. L. Clark’s The Birds of Amherst &Vicinity, including nearly the whole of Hampshire County (1887) and Aaron Clark Bagg and Samuel Atkins Eliot Jr.’s Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts  (1937).

Bird Data (Body Mass)

Raw data on the masses of birds was found in Dunning, J.B. Body masses of North American birds, edited by M. Ghadrdan. Eugene, OR: The IWRC, 2018. 

Global Conservation Status (2025)  

Our primary source for the birds' current conservation status is the IUCN Red List. For the specific environmental threats to birds occurring in North America, see also The American Bird Conservancy.

Sound and Spectrograph Files

The website https://xeno-canto.org/, created in 2005 by Bob Planque and William-Pier Vellinga, and administrated by the Netherlands-based Xeno-canto foundation (Stichting Xeno-canto voor natuurgeluiden), is the primary source of the sound and spectograph files used in Dickinson’s Birds. Xeno-canto is committed to education, conservation, and science, and their recordings are shared under various Creative Commons licenses (see links below) that generally allow not only for the embedding and circulation of the sound and sonograph files from their archive in projects outside that archive but also for the remixing and transformation of the original recordings. We are deeply grateful to XenoCanto for their mission and to the individual recordists whose work in the field made this site possible. The following list identifies — by bird and recordist — every file we have used here: Acadian Flycatcher Sue Riffe, Acadian Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/416786. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Alder Flycatcher Martin St-Michel, Alder Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/550421. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) American Wigeon Paul Marvin, American Wigeon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/384955. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Arctic Redpoll [also: Hoary Redpoll] Andrew Spencer, Arctic Redpoll. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/142566. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker [also: Black-backed Woodpecker] Bruce Lagerquist, Black-backed Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/482563. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Baird’s Sandpiper Andrew Spencer, Baird's Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/185621. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Bald Eagle Russ Wigh, Bald Eagle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/769877. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Baltimore Oriole Christopher McPherson, Baltimore Oriole. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600290. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Barn Owl Millon Xavier, Western Barn Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/683608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Barn Swallow Susanne Kuijpers, Barn Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/664750. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Barred Owl Ron Overholtz, Barred Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/580532. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Bay-breasted Warbler Matt Wistrand, Bay-breasted Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/560746. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Belted Kingfisher Russ Wigh, Belted Kingfisher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/590595. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Bittern Hal Mitchell, American Bittern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/310044. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black Duck Andrew Spencer, American Black Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black Tern Isain Contreras Rodríguez, Black Tern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570019. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black-and-white Warbler Doug Hynes, Black-and-white Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613378. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Black-billed Cuckoo Jacob Saucier, Black-billed Cuckoo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/500139. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black-capped Chickadee Thomas Ryder Payne, Black-capped Chickadee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/636533. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black-crowned Night Heron Gabriel Morales, Black-crowned Night Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/588337. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black-headed Grosbeak Thomas Magarian, Black-headed Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/700885. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black-throated Blue Warbler Sue Riffe, Black-throated Blue Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/626751. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Black-throated Green Warbler Jacob Saucier, Black-throated Green Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/501262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Blackburnian Warbler Christopher McPherson, Blackburnian Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/600509. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Blackpoll Warbler Lucas Berrigan, Blackpoll Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/328797. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Blue Grosbeak Manuel Grosselet, Blue Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/744812. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Blue Jay Christopher McPherson, Blue Jay. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/640349. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Blue-grey Gnatcatcher Keith Corliss, Blue-grey Gnatcatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661346. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Blue-winged Teal Fernando Castro, Blue-winged Teal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/501464. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Blue-winged Warbler Phil Brown, Blue-winged Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/428495. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Bluebird Christopher McPherson, Eastern Bluebird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/601011. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Bobolink Gabriel Leite, Bobolink. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420908. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Bob-white [also: Quail] Max Noack, Northern Bobwhite. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/502739. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Bohemian Waxwing Jarek Matusiak, Bohemian Waxwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/517421. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Boreal Chickadee [also: Acadian Chickadee] James Bradley, Boreal Chickadee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/336433. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Brant Goose Bruce Lagerquist, Brant Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/619269. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Broad-winged Hawk Christopher McPherson, Broad-winged Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/691176. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Brown Creeper Richard E. Webster, Brown Creeper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/440579. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Brown Thrasher [also: Brown Thrush] Doug Welch, Brown Thrasher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420604. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Brown-headed Cowbird Bobby Wilcox, Brown-headed Cowbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645520. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Canadian Flycatching Warbler [also: Canada Warbler] Meena Haribal, Canada Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/561374. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Cape May Warbler Martin St-Michel, Cape May Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/319513. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Cardinal [also: Cardinal-Bird] Scott Crabtree, Northern Cardinal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/872638. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Carolina Wren Russ Wigh, Carolina Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/654818. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Cattle Egret (Western) Stanislas Wroza, Western Cattle Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/372953. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Cedar-Bird [also: Cedar Waxwing] Jorge Medina-Madrid, Cedar Waxwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/609497. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Cerulean Warbler Matt Wistrand, Cerulean Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420726. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Chestnut-sided Warbler Meena Haribal, Chestnut-sided Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/563741. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Chimney Swallow [also: Chimney Swift] Dan Lane, Chimney Swift. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/180468. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Chipping Sparrow Jim Berry, Chipping Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645149. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Clapper Rail Nils Navarro, Clapper Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/659432. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Clay-colored Sparrow James Bradley, Clay-colored Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/379021. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Cliff Swallow Andrew Spencer, American Cliff Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203606.[File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Connecticut Warbler Don Gorney, Connecticut Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/371379. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Cooper’s Hawk Sunny Tseng, Cooper's Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/720968. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Coot Sunny Tseng, American Coot. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/531516. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Crow Caio Brito, American Crow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/556240. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Dark-eyed Junco [also: Snowbird] Ned Bohman, Dark-eyed Junco. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/660255. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Dickcissel Paul Driver, Dickcissel. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658540. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Dipper Duck [also: Common Grebe] Max Noack, American Dipper Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/502746. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Downy Woodpecker Don Henise, Downy Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Dunlin Ricardo Hevia, Dunlin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674563. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Eider Duck Lars Edenius, Common Eider. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/549046. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Evening Grosbeak Matt Wistrand, Evening Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/374106. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Field Sparrow Brian Hendrix, Field Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/489162. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Flicker [also: Golden-winged Woodpecker] Bruce Lagerquist, Northern Flicker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/604689. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Gadwall Beatrix Saadi-Varchmin, Gadwall. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674472. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Gallinule Richard E. Webster, Common Gallinule. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/465598. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Glossy Ibis Jordi Calvet, Glossy Ibis. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/530552. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Golden Eagle Lars Edenius, Golden Eagle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/453324. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Golden Plover Andrew Spencer, Golden Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/149502. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Golden-crowned Kinglet Sue Riffe, Golden-crowned Kinglet. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/419366. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Golden-winged Warbler Paul Driver, Golden-winged Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658548. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Goldfinch Sue Riffe, American Goldfinch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/612292. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Goshawk Stanislas Wroza, Northern Goshawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/626549. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Grackle [also: Crow Blackbird] David Darrell-Lambert, Common Grackle. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/476561. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Grass Wren [also: Short-billed Marsh Wren; Short-billed Sedge Wren] Manuel Grosselet, Grass Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/579160. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Great Blue Heron Sue Riffe, Great Blue Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/419194. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Great Crested Flycatcher Bernard Bousquet, Great Crested Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/587977. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Great Egret [also: Great White Egret] Manuel Grosselet, Great Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663143. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Great Grey Owl Lars Edenius, Great Grey Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/653979. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Great Horned Owl Christopher McPherson, Great Horned Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/691461.  [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Greater Yellowlegs Patricio Mena Valenzuela, Greater Yellowlegs. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/477317. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Green Heron Johana Zuluaga-Bonilla, Green Heron. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/153094. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Green-winged Teal Ves, Green-winged Teal. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/459927. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Grey Catbird Sunny, Grey catbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/484144. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Grey Plover [also: Black-bellied Plover] Uku Paal, Grey Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/675209. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Grey-cheeked Thrush Seth Beaudreault (Toolik Field Station), Grey-cheeked Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/940496. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Gyrfalcon Stein Ø. Nilsen, Gyrfalcon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/428386. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Hairy Woodpecker Manuel Grosselet, Hairy Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/681647. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Harrier [also: Marsh Hawk] J.R. Rigby, Northern Harrier. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/290060. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Harris's Sparrow Ian Cruickshank, Harris's Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/210755. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Hawk Owl Stein Ø. Nilsen, Northern Hawk Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/148674. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Henslow's Sparrow [also: Henslow’s Bunting] David A. Brinkman, Henslow's Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/807504. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Hermit Thrush Steve Hampton, Hermit Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/558358. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Herring Gull William Whitehead, American Herring Gull. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/510712. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Hooded Merganser Jim Berry, Hooded Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/317679. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Hooded Warbler Jacob Saucier, Hooded Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/499557. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Horned Lark Frode Falkenberg, Horned Lark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658883. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) House Finch Paul Marvin, House Finch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/679337. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) House Sparrow [also: English Sparrow] João Tomás, House Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/952608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) House Wren Thomas Magarian, House Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/658907. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Hudsonian Godwit [also: Hudsonian Curlew] Bernabe Lopez-Lanus, Hudsonian Godwit. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/48617. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Indian Peafowl [also: Peacock] Francesco Barberini, Indian Peafowl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/812476. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Indigo Bunting [also: Indigo-Bird] David Welch, Indigo Bunting. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/579108. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Kentucky Warbler Sue Riffe, Kentucky Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417604. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Killdeer [also: Killdeer Plover] Nick Komar, Killdeer. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/321383. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) King Bird Meena Haribal, Eastern Kingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/561409. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) King Rail John Hoye, King Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/139985. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Lapland Longspur Stein Ø. Nilsen, Lapland Longspur. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663131. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Lapwing Paul Kelly, Northern Lapwing. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897850. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Lark Sparrow Brad Banner, Lark Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/684352. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Least Bittern Henry Miller Alexandre, Least Bittern. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/499833. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Least Flycatcher Jim Berry, Least Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/472219. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Least Sandpiper Paul Marvin, Least Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/453003. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Lesser Scaup Thomas Magarian, Lesser Scaup. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/334315. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Lesser Yellowlegs [also: Lesser Tell-Tale] Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Lesser Yellowlegs. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674365. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Lincoln's Sparrow [also: Lincoln’s Finch] Sue Riffe, Lincoln's Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/494247. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Little Auk [also: Dovekie] Stein Ø. Nilsen, Little Auk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/191434. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Loggerhead Shrike [also: White-rumped Loggerhead Shrike] Ed Pandolfino, Loggerhead Shrike. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/455607. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Long-eared Owl Adam Gruszczyński, Long-eared Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/662640. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Loon [also: Great Northern Diver] Valerie Heemstra, Common Loon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/832712. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Louisiana Waterthrush [also: Long-billed Waterthrush] Sue Riffe, Louisiana Waterthrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417605. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Magnolia Warbler [also: Black-and-Yellow Warbler] Sue Riffe, Magnolia Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/382124. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Mallard Richard Brahmstaedt, Mallard. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/893489. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Marsh Wren Paul Marvin, Marsh Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/582639. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Meadowlark Manuel Grosselet, Eastern Meadowlark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645463. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Merganser Lars Edenius, Common Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/644424. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Merlin [also: Pigeon Hawk] Andrew Harrop, Merlin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/597137. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Mockingbird  David A. Brinkman, Northern Mockingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/677297. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Mourning Dove [also: Carolina Dove] Bruce Lagerquist, Mourning Dove. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/430095. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Mourning Warbler Paul Driver, Mourning Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/448187. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Mute Swan Dean McDonnell, Mute Swan. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/787572. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Myrtle Warbler Martin St-Michel, Myrtle Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/467698. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Nashville Warbler Bobby Wilcox, Nashville Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570338. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Nighthawk (Common) Christopher Takacs, Common Nighthawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/583103. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Nightingale Jorge Leitão, Nightingale. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/897939. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Olive-sided Flycatcher Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Olive-sided Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/534098. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Orange-crowned Warbler Steve Hampton, Orange-crowned Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656348. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Orchard Oriole Eric Zawatski, Orchard Oriole. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/559298. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Osprey [also: Fish Hawk] Manuel Grosselet, Western Osprey. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/573484. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Ovenbird [also: Golden-crowned Thrush] Russ Wigh, Ovenbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570992. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Palm Warbler [also: Yellow Red-Poll Warbler] Richard E. Webster, Palm Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/189607. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Parula [also: Blue Yellow-backed Warbler] Russ Wigh, Northern Parula. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570973. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Pectoral Sandpiper Patrik Åberg, Pectoral Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/406470. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Peregrine Falcon [also: Duck Hawk] Gabriel Leite, Peregrine Falcon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/357721. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Pheasant Ireneusz Oleksik, Common Pheasant. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/641398. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Philadelphia Vireo Sue Riffe, Philadelphia Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/624416. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Phoebe Lance A. M. Benner, Eastern Phoebe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/323217. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Pileated Woodpecker Christopher McPherson, Pileated Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/599834. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Pine Grosbeak Diane Labarre, Pine Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/452496. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Pine Siskin [also: Pine Finch] Richard E. Webster, Pine Siskin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/677395. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Pine Warbler [also: Pine-creeping Warbler] Christopher McPherson, Pine Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/602049. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Pintail [also: Pin-tailed Duck] Jens Kirkeby, Northern Pintail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/381982. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Piping Plover Patrick Turgeon, Piping Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/328023. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Prairie Warbler Eric Zawatski, Prairie Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/583820. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Prothonotary Warbler David Darrell-Lambert, Prothonotary Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/476998. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Purple Finch [also: Linnet] Ed Pandolfino, Purple Finch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/655762. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Purple Martin Scott Olmstead, Purple Martin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/675811. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Raven Hannu Varkki, Northern Raven. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/552737. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red Crossbill [also: Common Crossbill] Lars Edenius, Red Crossbill. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/668643. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red Fox Sparrow [also: Fox Sparrow; Fox-colored Sparrow] Doug Hynes, Red Fox Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613533. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Red Phalarope [also: Northern Phalarope] Stein Ø. Nilsen, Red Phalarope. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/424557. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-bellied Woodpecker Brian Hendrix, Red-bellied Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/563618. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-breasted Merganser Andrew Spencer, Red-breasted Merganser. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/141724. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Red-breasted Nuthatch Gabriel Leite, Red-breasted Nuthatch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/421281. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-eyed Vireo Sue Riffe, Red-eyed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/624419. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-headed Woodpecker John A. Middleton Jr., Red-headed Woodpecker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/733262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-necked Grebe Uku Paal, Red-necked Grebe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/804821. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-shouldered Hawk Brian Hendrix, Red-shouldered Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/564543. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-tailed Hawk William Whitehead, Red-tailed Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/573429. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Red-winged Blackbird Ed Pandolfino, Red-winged Blackbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/651824. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Redpoll [also: Lesser Redpoll] Juha Saari, Common Redpoll. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/610600. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Redstart Melissa Hafting, American Redstart. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/566620. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Ring-billed Gull Stanislas Wroza, Ring-billed Gull. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/417720. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Robin Aziza Cooper, American Robin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/647154. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Rock Dove [also: Rock Pigeon] Sreekumar Chirukandoth, Rock Dove. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/636632. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Rose-breasted Grosbeak Nick Komar, Rose-breasted Grosbeak. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/572067. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Rough-legged Buzzard [also: Rough-legged Hawk] Lars Edenius, Rough-legged Buzzard. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/645345. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Rough-winged Swallow Paul Marvin, Northern Rough-winged Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/534846. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Ruby-crowned Kinglet Richard E. Webster, Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/628827. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Ruby-throated Hummingbird Patrick Turgeon, Ruby-throated Hummingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/139834. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Ruddy Pigeom [We have used the song of this New World bird to call attention to the absent song of its extinct kin: the Passenger or Wild Pigeon.] Jarrod Swackhamer, Ruddy Pigeon. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/521570. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Ruffed Grouse [also: Partridge] Jeff Dyck, Ruffed Grouse. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/416168.  [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Rusty Blackbird [also: Rusty Grackle] Mike Schanbacher, Rusty Blackbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/682348. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Sand Martin Xavier Riera, Sand Martin. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/654974. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Sanderling Jorge Leitão, Sanderling. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/767560. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Savannah Sparrow Manuel Grosselet, Savannah Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/669262. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Saw-whet Owl Ted Floyd, Northern Saw-whet Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/565795. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Scarlet Tanager David Welch, Scarlet Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/572254. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Joshua Stevenson, Scissor-tailed Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/247701. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Screech Owl Paul Driver, Eastern Screech Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/833215. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Semipalmated Plover Nick Komar, Semipalmated Plover. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/667364. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Semipalmated Sandpiper Steve Hampton, Semipalmated Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420273. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Sharp-shinned Hawk Anderson Felipe, Sharp-shinned Hawk. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/451365. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Short-eared Owl Romuald Mikusek, Short-eared Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/669606. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Shoveler [also: Shoveller Duck] Stein Ø. Nilsen, Northern Shoveler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/371900. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Shrike [also: Great Northern Shrike] Matt Longabaugh, Northern Shrike. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/559956. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Snow Bunting Peter Stronach, Snow Bunting. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570027. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Snow Goose Paul Marvin, Snow Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/143615. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Snowy Egret [also: Snowy Heron] Bernabe Lopez-Lanus, Snowy Egret. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/50905. [File Modified].( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/) Snowy Owl Tero Linjama, Snowy Owl. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/343144. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Solitary Sandpiper Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, Solitary Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/443440. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Solitary Vireo [also: Blue-headed Vireo] Caio Brito, Blue-headed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/556669. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Song Sparrow Paul Marvin, Song Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/664838. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Sora [also: Carolina Rail] Eric DeFonso, Sora. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/580996. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Sparrow Hawk [also: Kestrel] Jayrson Araujo De Oliveira, American Kestrel. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/674589. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Spotted Sandpiper Paul Marvin, Spotted Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/232636. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Starling Stanislas Wroza, Common Starling. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/682941. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Summer Tanager Mauricio Cuellar Ramirez (@Birding.travel), Summer Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/609577. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Swainson's Thrush [also: Olive-backed Thrush] Thomas Magarian, Swainson's Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/663761. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Swamp Sparrow Doug Hynes, Swamp Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/613096. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Tennessee Warbler Keith Corliss, Tennessee Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661274. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Titlark [also: Buff-bellied Pipit] Andrew Spencer, Buff-bellied Pipit. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/203608. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Towhee [also: Chewink] Brian Hendrix, Eastern Towhee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/575699. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Tree Sparrow Steve Hampton, American Tree Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/562185. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Tree Swallow [also: White-bellied Swallow] William Whitehead, Tree Swallow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/544225. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Tufted Titmouse Jim Berry, Tufted Titmouse. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/649331. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Tundra Swan [also: Whistling Swan] Michel Veldt, Tundra Swan. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/834093. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Turkey Vulture Guillermo Treboux, Turkey Vulture. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/748979. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Two-barred Crossbill [also: White-winged Crossbill] Stein Ø. Nilsen, Two-barred Crossbill. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/503029. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Upland Sandpiper [also: Upland Plover] Matt Wistrand, Upland Sandpiper. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656680. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Veery [also: Wilson’s Thrush] Sue Riffe, Veery. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/574514. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Vesper Sparrow [also: Bay-winged Bunting] Bruce Lagerquist, Vesper Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/714140. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Virginia Rail Scott Crabtree, Virginia Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/621187. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Warbling Vireo Manuel Grosselet, Warbling Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/650401. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Waterthrush [also: Short-billed Waterthrush] Matt Wistrand, Northern Waterthrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/414095. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Western Kingbird Ed Pandolfino, Western Kingbird. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/570382. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Western Meadowlark Paul Marvin, Western Meadowlark. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/698318. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Western Tanager [also: Wing-barred Tanager] Sue Riffe, Western Tanager. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/494384. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Whip-poor-will Sue Riffe, Eastern Whip-poor-will. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/860759. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) White-breasted Nuthatch [also: White-bellied Nuthatch] Sue Riffe, White-breasted Nuthatch. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/381798. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) White-crowned Sparrow Steve Hampton, White-crowned Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/656355. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) White-eyed Vireo Keith Corliss, White-eyed Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/660444. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) White-throated Sparrow Stanislas Wroza, White-throated Sparrow. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/730547. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Wild Goose [also: Canada Goose] Stanislas Wroza, Canada Goose. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/557197. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Willow Flycatcher [also: Traill’s Flycatcher] Phil Brown, Willow Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/433073. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Wilson's Snipe Steve Hampton, Wilson's Snipe. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/420227. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Wilson's Warbler [also: Black-capped Flycatching Warbler] Linzy, Wilson's Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/665160. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Winter Wren Jim Berry, Winter Wren. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/721750. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Wood Duck Antonio Xeira, Wood Duck. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/347194. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Wood Pewee Steve Hampton, Eastern Wood Pewee. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/666125. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Wood Thrush Brian Hendrix, Wood Thrush. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/565547. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Woodcock John Baur, American Woodcock. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/538039. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Worm-eating Warbler Ted Floyd, Worm-eating Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/368400. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Yellow Rail Peter Wilton, Yellow Rail. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/344711. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Yellow Warbler Sue Riffe, Yellow Warbler. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/665660. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Jarquín G. Orlando, Yellow-bellied Flycatcher. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/335895. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Yellow-bellied Sapsucker [also: Yellow-bellied Woodpecker] Steve Pelikan, Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/302918. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Yellow-billed Cuckoo Marcelo da Rocha, Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/684511. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Yellow-breasted Chat [also: Yellowthroat] Richard E. Webster, Yellow-breasted Chat. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/619198. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Yellow-throated Vireo Keith Corliss, Yellow-throated Vireo. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/661304. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) Yellowthroat [also: Maryland Yellowthroat] Thomas Magarian, Common Yellowthroat. Accessible at www.xeno-canto.org/531276. [File Modified]. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)

Data Firmament Sources

Map: “Massachusetts,” from “Frances A. Henshaw’s Book of Penmanship Executed at the Middlebury Female Academy April 29, 1828.” 16 cm (h) x 23 cm (w); scale: 1: 1,609,344. The David Rumsey Historical Map Collection. The sources for Birds and Poems in the Firmament are the same sources as those used in the Poem and Bird Archives. See above for details.  

Library of Muses

 

Abram, David. 1996. The Spell of the Sensuous. New York: Vintage Books.

Ackerman, Jennifer. 2017. The Genius of Birds. New York: Penguin. Adams, John Luther and Alex Ross. 2009. The Place Where You Go to Listen: In Search of an Ecology of Music. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press. Allen, Aaron S. and Kevin Dawe, eds. 2016. Current Directions in Ecomusicology: Music, Culture, Nature. Abingdon: Routledge. Aristotle. c. 350 BC. De Anima II.8 420b12. Armbruster, Karla M. and Kathleen R. Wallace, eds. 2001. Beyond Nature Writing: Expanding the Boundaries of Ecocriticism. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Arons, Wendy and Theresa J. May, eds. 2012. Readings in Performance and Ecology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Arsić, Branka. 2016. Bird Relics: Grief and Vitalism in Thoreau. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Audeguy, Stéphane. 2007. The Theory of Clouds. Orlando: Harcourt Brace. Audubon, John James. 1999. John James Audubon: Writings and Drawings. New York: Library of America. Bandt, Ros, Michelle Duffy, and Dolly MacKinnon, eds. 2007. Hearing Places: Sound, Place, Time and Culture. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. Barclay, Leah. 2012. “Shifting Paradigms: Towards an Auditory Culture.” Proceedings of ISEA 2012 Albuquerque: Machine Wilderness. Albuquerque: ISEA. http://socialmedia.hpc.unm.edu/isea2012/sites/default/files/ISEA2012_confproceedings_WEB.pdf. Barrow, Mark. 2009. Nature’s Ghosts: Confronting Extinction from the Age of Jefferson to the Age of Ecology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Bennett, Jane. 2010. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Durham: Duke University Press. Bergland, Renee. "Dickinson Emergent: Natural Philosophy and the Postdisciplinary Manifold." 2022. In The Oxford Handbook of Emily Dickinson, edited by Cristanne Miller and Karen Sanchez-Eppler, 554–72. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Besel, Richard D. and Jnan A. Blau, eds. 2014. Performance on Behalf of the Environment. Plymouth: Lexington Books. Bianchi, Frederick and V. J. Manzo, eds. 2016. Environmental Sound Artists: In Their Own Words. New York: Oxford University Press. Bladow, Kyle A., and Jennifer K. Ladino. 2018. “Toward an Affective Ecocriticism: Placing Feeling in the Anthropocene.” In Affective Ecocriticism : Emotion, Embodiment, Environment, edited by Kyle A. Bladow and Jennifer K. Ladino, 1–22., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. Bodenhamer, David J., John Corrigan, and Trevor M. Harris. 2015. Deep Maps and Spatial Narratives. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Bonta, Marcia Myers. 1991. Women in the Field: America's Pioneering Women Naturalists. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. British Library Sounds @ https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Weather. [See also: https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Water; https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Soundscapes; https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Listen-to-Nature; https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Early-wildlife-recordings; https://sounds.bl.uk/Environment/Interviews-with-wildlife-sound-recordists-] Brown, Andrew. 2014. Art & Ecology Now. London: Thames and Hudson. Bruinsman, Max. 1985. "Notes of a Listener." In Sound by Artists, edited by Dan Lander and Micah Lexier, 88-96. Toronto: Art Metropole and Banff: Walter Phillips Gallery. Burns, Thea. 2013. The Luminous Trace: Drawing and Writing in Metalpoint. London, Archetype Publications. Caballero, Krista and Frank Ekberg. 2013–. Birding the Future @ http://www.birdingthefuture.net. Caballero, Krista. 2016. Portable Field Desk @ http://kristacaballero.com/portable-field-desks. Caballero, Krista. 2020-present. Some Spells Are Bigger @ http://kristacaballero.com/some-spells-are-bigger. Candland, Lara. 2018. The Lapidary’s Nosegay. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. Carlyle, Angus, ed. 2007. Autumn Leaves: Sound and the Environment in Artistic Practice. Paris: Double Entendre. Carson, Rachel. 1962. Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Chen, Mei-shu. 2019. “The Uncelebrated Nonhuman Citizens of Nature in Emily Dickinson’s Writings”. Exposition 42: 245–72. Chow, Juliana. 2014. “‘Because I see - New Englandly - ’: Seeing Species in the Nineteenth-Century and Emily Dickinson’s Regional Specificity.” ESQ, 60.3: 413–49. Clare, John. 2004. Major Works, edited by Eric Robinson and David Powell. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Clark, Timothy. 2015. Ecocriticism on the Edge: The Anthropocene as a Threshold Concept. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome, ed. 2013. Prismatic Ecology: Ecotheory beyond Green. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Cole, Norma. 1991. My Bird Book. ‎Portland: Littoral Books. Cook, Terry and Joan M. Schwartz. 2002. “Archives, Records, and Power: From (Postmodern) Theory to (Archival) Performance.” Archival Science, 2: 171–85. Craig, Wallace. 1911. “The Expressions of Emotion in the Pigeons: III The Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius Linn.)”. The Auk, 28.4: 408–27. Cramerotti, Alfredo, ed. 2015. The Blind. Bristol and Chicago: Intellect. Cummings, Jim. 2010. About Environmental Soundscape Art. http://earthear.com/aboutesa.html. Cusack, Peter. 2012. Sounds from Dangerous Places. Surrey: ReR Megacorp and Berliner Kunstlerprogramm des DAAD, 2012. Darwin, Charles. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London: John Murray. Das, Subhadra, and Miranda Lowe. 2018. “Nature Read in Black and White: Decolonial Approaches to Interpreting Natural History Collections”. Journal of Natural Science Collections, 6: 4–14. “Dawn Chorus,” conceived and directed by Bernie Kraus and Michael John Gorman @ dawn-chorus.org, 2020. Day, David. 2012. Nevermore: A Book of Hours. Toronto: Fourfront, 2012. Day, David. 1989. Vanished Species. Bloomington: Gallery Books, 1989. Derrida, Jacques. 1993. Aporias, translated by Thomas Dutoit. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Dietzel, Gabrielle, and Howard Norman. 2023. Late in the afternoon, the voice of a black-billed cuckoo in the rain. Montpellier: Laughing Bear Press. Digital Amherst @ http://www.digitalamherst.org/exhibits. Dunn, David. 2021. The Sound of Light in Trees. https://daviddunn.bandcamp.com/album/the-sound-of-light-in-trees. Ear to the Earth. 2011. @  http://twitter.com/ear2earth. Ellis, Erle C. 2018. Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. The Endings Project @ https://projectendings.github.io/. Farge, Arlette. 2013. The Allure of the Archives. New Haven: Yale University Press. Farr, Judith. 2004.The Gardens of Emily Dickinson. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Farrier, David. 2019. Anthropocene Poetics: Deep Time, Sacrifice Zones, and Extinction. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Foer, Jonathan Safran. 2001. A Convergence of Birds: Original Fiction and Poetry Inspired by Joseph Cornell. New York: D.A.P. “For the Birds” by the Birdsong Project: https://open.spotify.com/album/6c8aHa89kWTsrcz0iw7fgS?si=YxOT7jT7S3W6imf0mKOHUw. Fragments of Extinction. https://www.fragmentsofextinction.org/dusk-chorus-film/. Fuller, Errol. 2013. Lost Animals: Extinction and the Photographic Record. London: Bloomsbury. Gander, Forrest, and John Kinsella. 2012. Redstart: An Ecological Poetics. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Gardner, Thomas and Salomé Voegelin, eds. 2016. Colloquium: Sound Art – Music. Winchester: ZeroBooks, John Hunt Publishing. Garrard, Greg. 2012. Ecocriticism, 2nd edn. Abingdon: Routledge. Gerhardt, Christine. 2022.  "Dickinson's Garden Ecologies."  In The Oxford Handbook of Emily Dickinson, edited by Cristanne Miller and Karen Sanchez-Eppler, 518–36. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Gilmurray, Jono. 2016. “Sounding the Alarm: An Introduction to Ecological Sound Art.” Muzikoloski Zbornik—Musicological Annual, 52.2: 71–84. Glotfelty, Cheryll and Harrold Fromm, et. al., eds. 1996. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Athens: University of Georgia Press. Gordon, Avery. 1997. Ghostly Matters. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Greenaway, Peter. 1994. Flying Out of This World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Grossman, Sara J. 2021. “Gendering Nineteenth-Century Data: The Women of the Smithsonian Meteorological Project.” Journal of Women’s History, 33.1: 85–109. Grusin, Richard, ed. 2015. The Nonhuman Turn. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Guthrie, James R. 2007. “Darwinian Dickinson: The Scandalous Rise and Noble Fall of the Common Clover.” The Emily Dickinson Journal, 16.1: 73–91. Hamilton, William J., III. 1962. “Evidence Concerning the Function of Nocturnal Call Notes of Migratory Birds.” California Academy of Sciences, 64.5: 390–401. Harris, Alexandra. 2015. Weatherland: Writers and Artists Under English Skies. London: Thames & Hudson. Heinrich, Bernd. 2012. Life Everlasting: The Animal Way of Death. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Henshaw, Frances. 1823. “Massachusetts.” The David Rumsey Historical Map Collection @ www.davidrumsey.com. Hitchcock, Edward. 1836.  “The Sandstone Bird” @ https://www.palaeopoems.com/palaeopoems/the-sandstone-bird Hitchcock, Orra White. Amherst College Digital Collections: Classroom drawings by Orra White Hitchcock @ https://acdc.amherst.edu/browse/partOf/Orra+White+Hitchcock+Classroom+Drawings?_ga=2.183907747.427271304.1613600253-1929252704.1612994588. Holloway, Travis. 2022. How to Live at the End of the World: Theory, Art, and Politics for the Anthropocene. Stanford: Stanford Briefs. Humphreys, Helen. 2021. Field Study: Meditations on a Year at the Herbarium. Toronto: ECW Press. Ingold, Tim. 2020. Correspondences. Cambridge: Polity Press. Iovino, Serenella, and Serpil Oppermann, eds. 2014. Material Ecocriticism. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Jackson, Virginia. 2005. Dickinson’s Misery: A Theory of Lyric Reading. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Keith, David W. 2017. “The Earth Is Not Yet an Artifact.” In Environment and Society: A Reader, edited by Christopher Schlottmann et al., 373–79. New York: New York University Press. Khalip, Jacques. 2018.  Last Things. New York: Fordham University Press. Kolbert, Elizabeth. 2014. The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History. New York: Henry Holt. Krause, Bernie L. 1987. “The Niche Hypothesis: How Animals Taught Us to Dance and Sing.” http://appohigh.org/ourpages/auto/2010/12/21/52074732/niche.pdf. Kuhn, Mary. 2018. “Dickinson and the Politics of Plant Sensibility.” ELH, 85.1: 141–70. Lane, Cathy. 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Birds and Their Habitats in Amherst, Massachusetts with Complete Annotated List of Amherst Birds. Amherst: Hitchcock Center for the Environment. Whitehead, Gregory. The Sound of Radio,  Whitehouse, Andrew. 2015. “Listening to Birds in the Anthropocene: The Anxious Semiotics of Sound in a Human-Dominated World.” Environmental Humanities, 6: 53–71. Winderen, Jana. 2013. Silencing of the Reefs, Dardanella, Belize 3–14 December 2012. http://janawinderen.com/fieldtrips/sielncing_of_the_reefs_dardane.html#.V6Sq1FfgVbw. Winderen, Jana. 2017. Spring Bloom in the Marginal Ice Zone. Sonic Acts. Wu, Katherine J. 2019. “A bird’s eye view of quantum entanglement.” NOVA @ www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/birds-quantum-entanglement/. Xeno Canto @ https://www.xeno-canto.org.